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G. Gartner:
"Applications of LBS - A selected European perspective";
Talk: 3rd International Joint Workshop on Ubiquitous, Pervasive and Internet Mapping (UPIMap2008), Shepherdstown, West Virginia; 2008-09-10 - 2008-09-11; in: "Electronic Proceedings UPIMap 2008", (2008).

Cartography is seen by many as facing a change of paradigms currently, triggered by technological
challenges. As a result of innovative available technologies like the Internet, Multimedia and
telecommunication infrastructure it becomes considerable for the first time, that cartographic
communication processes can be realized which deliver user-tailored information to a specific user
everywhere ("ubiquitous") and anytime. The part of scientific cartography analyzing such conceptions is
called "ubiquitous cartography", and can be seen as a theoretical umbrella and follower-up to
developments like the Internet Cartography, TeleCartography and Multimedia Cartography. This paper
reviews a selected set of applications, especially location based services that have been published in the
research literature. The research needs and opportunities in each area are evaluated. The review
illustrates the enormous diversity of forms in which LBS are appearing and the extent to which they are
becoming pervasive.
The distribution of the papers found in a thorough but selective literature review is also assessed as an
indication of the real domain of utility for LBS and to indicate where further theoretical work is needed.
This work is intended to be inclusive of all disciplines in which location can be a driver for information
selection, processing and delivery.